Edgefx Tech Official Blog - Page 3 of 14 - Embedded Projects for Engineering Students

Solar Water Pump Control with Four Different Time Slots for Power Saving Applications

February 14, 2018 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Solar Water Pump Control Project Kit

Solar energy is changed into a current by using PV (photovoltaic) cells. Throughout the daytime, the energy keep within the batteries is used to run the pump for agriculture. This project aims at developing a controlled charging mechanism providing protections for overcharge condition, deep discharge condition and below voltage state of the battery. This planned system is comprised of a solar water pump that reduces the utilization of inverters etc, so reducing the price of the project. Using the charge-controlled mechanism; the pump is operated at four totally different time slots. Difficulties like shifting the pump ON/OFF manually are overcome using this project.

There exists an intrinsic real clock (RTC) that keeps chasing the time and so switches ON/OFF the pump consequently. MOSFET’s are utilized by the charge controller as power semiconductor switches to confirm cutting off the load (DC Pump) in conditions like low battery or overload, while, the junction transistor is employed to bypass the solar power to a dummy load whereas the battery gets absolutely charged. So the battery is shielded from obtaining overcharged.

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Pick N Place Robotic Arm and Movement Controlled By Android Wirelessly

February 9, 2018 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Pick N Place Robotic Arm and Movement Controlled By Android Wirelessly

A pick N place robot is one kind of robot, used to pick up a thing and put it in the preferred location. This robot is very useful for some places like where there is a need to pick an object move it and put it in some other place securely. The system offers a robotic arm that is controlled by an android application. Before moving further, let us notice few reasons why pick N place robots are chosen:

They are earlier and can get the work done in seconds contrasted to their human counterparts.
They are bendable and have the suitable design.
They are precise.
They amplify the safety of the working environment and in fact never get tired.

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Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System for Patients

February 1, 2018 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Automatic Wireless Health Monitoring System by Edgefxkits.com

At the present time, the sensors used in the healthcare are playing a vital role in hospitals. The patient observing system namely “An automatic wireless health monitoring system “is one of the main advanced due to its innovative technology. This system is used to calculate the temperature of the patient’s body & heartbeat by using embedded technology. The sensors used in the proposed system are a temperature sensor and heartbeat sensor. These two sensors mostly used in monitoring the condition of the patient.

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Solar Powered LED Street Light with Auto Intensity Control

January 30, 2018 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Solar Powered LED Street Light with Auto Intensity Control

The solar-powered LED street light works on the principle of solar cells or PV cells to absorb the solar energy in the daytime. The PV cells convert solar energy into the electrical energy. The converted energy is stored in the battery and the solar street lights use solar energy. Nowadays solar street lights are available beside the roads. At the night time, the lamps start automatically and it uses the electrical energy which is stored in the battery. Every day this process continues.

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Voice Controlled Home Appliances

January 16, 2018 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Android Controlled Home Applications

The concept of home automation with the help of switch or remote is an old technique. To overcome this here is a solution namely voice-controlled home appliance project. Voice controlled device is one of the major areas of prospect research. Imagine a world where the consumer can do each and every mission by just talking. We have previously seen some of the automobile industries have applied this to cars. Voice Controlled Home Appliances has several applications such as home appliance controlling as well as in industry. So mainly we are going to Control home appliance using voice commands. This proposed system uses human voice command to home appliances controlling.

There are two kinds of control operations. In the first one, the user has to speak into a microphone connected to the electronic circuit. And in another type user can speak in Android mobile or any other device and then this device sends commands to the project through wireless communication technique. In this project, we have used the second type of operation, which means voice controlling through the Android mobile application. One of the main purposes of this technique is to reduce the human efforts.

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Optimum Energy Management System

January 5, 2018 by Tarun Agarwal 2 Comments

Optimum Energy Management System

This article discusses designing of an optimum energy management system to check the number of persons entering and also exiting a room. Whenever the first person enters into a room electrical load will be automatically turned ON and turned off whenever the last person leaves the room. The proposed system uses infrared sensors in combination with a microcontroller to check all the operations. This system helps in conserving a lot of energy.

Optimum Energy Management System

The hardware and software requirements of the proposed system include power supply block, microcontroller (AT89S52/AT89C51), IR LED, TSOP 1738 Receiver, BC547, 555 TIMER, Relay, Seven Segment Display, LED, 1N4007, Resistors & Capacitors.

Optimum Energy Management System Block Diagram

Programming Languages: Embedded C, ALP (Assembly Language), Compilers: Keil 2.0/3.0uv and Dumping Software: Using Microcontroller flash Software we are dumping our HEX Code into Micro Controller

Embedded Systems

Embedded system is a combination of hardware & software, which together forms a component of a larger machine. An example of an embedded system is a microprocessor that controls an automobile engine. An embedded system is designed to run on its own without human intervention and may be required to respond to events in real time.

Embedded Systems

Micro Controller

Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Crystal Frequency 11.0592MHZ
Three-level Program Memory Lock
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Watchdog Timer

Seven Segment Display

The segments themselves are identified with lower-case letters “a” through “g,” with the segment “a” at the top and then counting clockwise.

Seven Segment Display Circuit

The LED’S in a seven-segment display are not isolated from each other. Rather, either all of the cathodes or all of the anodes, are connected together into a common lead, while the other end of each LED is individually available.
This means fewer electrical connections to the package, and also allows us to easily enable or disable a particular digit by controlling the common lead.
There is no automatic advantage of the common-cathode seven-segment unit over the common-anode version, or vice-versa.Each type lends itself to certain applications, configurations, and logic families.

Seven Segment Display

BC547

The BC547 transistor is an NPN Epitaxial Silicon Transistor.
The BC547 transistor is a general-purpose transistor in small plastic packages.
It is used in general-purpose switching and amplification BC847/BC547 series 45 V, 100 mA NPN general-purpose transistors.
Whenever base is high, then current starts flowing through base and emitter and after that only current will pass from collector to emitter

BC547

Relay

It is an electromagnetic switch
Used to control the electrical devices
Copper core magnetic flux plays the main role here

Relay

555 Timer

The 555 Timer IC is an integrated circuit (chip) implementing a variety of timer and multivibrator applications.
The original name was the SE555 (metal can)/NE555 (plastic DIP) and the part was described as “The IC Time Machine”.
Depending on the manufacturer, the standard 555 package includes over 20 transistors, 2 diodes, and 15 resistors on a silicon chip installed in an 8-pin mini dual-in-line package (DIP-8)

555 Timer IC

Pin Diagram of 555

The 555 timer IC is a simple 8 pin DIL package IC.

It can:

be used as a monostable
be used as an astable
source or sink 100mA
use supply voltages of 5v to 15v
Disrupt the power supply – use a decoupling capacitor!

IR LED

An IR LED, also known as IR transmitter, is a special purpose LED that transmits infrared rays in the range of 760 nm wavelength.
Such LEDs are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminum gallium arsenide. They, along with IR receivers, are commonly used as sensors.

IR LED

The appearance is same as a common LED. Since the human eye cannot see the infrared radiations, it is not possible for a person to identify whether the IR LED is working or not, unlike a common LED.
To overcome this problem, the camera on a cell phone can be used. The camera can show us the IR rays being emanated from the IR LED in a circuit.

TSOP 1738 Receiver Pin Diagram

It’s a standard IR remote control receiver
Supporting all major transmission codes
Pin1 – Connected to Ground
Pin2 – Connected to Vcc
Pin3 – Output Pin
In Between 1st Pin and 2nd Pin, we have to connect one Capacitor
TSOP 1738 Receives 14—bit of data

TSOP 1738

TSOP 1738 Features

Photodetector and preamplifier in one package
Internal filter for PCM frequency
TTL and CMOS compatibility
Output active low
Low power consumption
High immunity against ambient light
Continuous data transmission possible (up to 2400 bps)
Suitable burst length .10 cycles/burst

Project Description Of Optimum Energy Management:

The proposed system is intended to monitor the number of peoples entering as well as leaving a room. Electrical loads are activated as the first person enters and activates when the final person leaves. Infrared sensors used in grouping with a microcontroller to check all the operations. This aids in saving a lot of energy.

Optimum Energy Management System

There are two couple sensors, each set aside at certain distance from the other. One pair of the sensor comprises of a Tx-transmitter and an Rx-receiver, kept precisely reverse to each other. The transmitting element produces modulated infrared light which is received at the end of the receiver and fed to a microcontroller. When a person enters the room then microcontroller detects with the help of infrared sensors and raises the visitor’s count and shows it on 7-segment display and also activates the load. Similarly, when a person leaves the room, the count of persons gets decremented. When the final person leaves the room, the lamp is gets turned OFF. The operation of the load is handled by a relay which is interfaced to the microcontroller.

Further, the proposed system can be improved with timer arrangement so that if the switching of load doesn’t take place for some reason as preferred, then timer would complete the task after prefixed time

From the above information finally, we can conclude that by using this system, we can manage and reduce energy consumption not only saves money as well as helps in mitigating climate change and enhancing corporate reputation. The proposed system is widely acknowledged as the best solution for the direct and instant reduction of energy consumption. Further any doubts regarding this concept, please give your valuable suggestion by commenting on the comment section below. Here is a question for you, what are the applications of optimum energy management system?

EFX Electronic Learning Kit-30 Projects-in-1

December 22, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

EFX Electronic Learning Kit-30 Projects-in-1

In the previous article, we have already discussed 15 projects in 1.But, this article covers some of the Electronic Learning Kits namely 30 projects in 1 to get you on track in the making and development of your school level projects. While you may decide to use any of these projects, we preferably used mini breadboards to guide you in developing your own electronic project kits. We have kept them extensive so that any school student can work out the details. Keep in mind that these mini breadboard projects should be continued throughout the school year and contain strong aims and deliverable. The catch fire contest held by various foundations – India is giving a better platform to the young students to research and think innovate, and come up with something strange.

Every year there are many foundations have been receiving thousands of entries for the competition by various school students across India. We encourage you to associate with local community organizations. Screenings have to take place in the school, but additional project activities may take place in the group of people at your partners’ locations. Be conscious that many of these Electronic Learning Kits may have gone beyond focuses both on the rights they are investigative as well as in the assets that they use. In order to assist students to discover issues that are exact to themselves and to children’s.

EFX Electronic Learning Kit – 30 Projects-in-1

Generally, success in Electronic Learning Kits plays a significant role in the career of school students. So, we recommend beginners start with this 30 Projects-in-1 on a breadboard which will work or not in your first effort.You can buy any of the below-listed projects from us for your school science fair demonstration.Please refer the link for: EFX Electronic Learning Kit – 15 Projects-in-1

Project 16

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate the DC motor to know how electrical energy is converted into electrical energy.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) and PI red LED (power indicator), push button switch (S1) and DC motor (LU4). The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connect the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Demonstrate the DC Motor

Project 17

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate the use of fuse to make electrical circuits safer with a motor output.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) and PI red LED (power indicator), jumper J and DC motor (LU4).The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connect the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Demonstrate the use of Fuse

Project 18

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate how electricity is converted into sound, light and at the same time mechanical energy also.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) and PI red LED (power indicator), DC motor (LU4), LED white (LU3) and buzzer L4. The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connect the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Demonstrate how Electricity is Converted into Sound

Project 19

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate the characteristics of current, voltage and resistance in a parallel circuit.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) and PI red LED (power indicator), DC motor (LU4), and buzzer L4. The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connect the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Demonstrate the Characteristics of Current, Voltage and Resistance

Project 20

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate the series and parallel circuits effect on loads.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) and PI red LED (power indicator), DC motor (LU4), and buzzer L4. The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Demonstrate the Series and Parallel Circuits

Project 21

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate the use of a DC motor block alongside the freewheeling diode and the DC motor. This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit), push button switch S1, transistor C547 QU1, PI red LED (power indicator), DC motor (LU4).The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connect the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Demonstrate the use of a DC Motor

Project 22

Demonstration of usage of capacitor alongside the DC Motor (in the DC Motor block LU4). This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, Red LED (Power Indicator), push button switch (S1), Diode- 1N4148, Transistor BC 547, Resistors, Capacitors, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram is shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of Usage of Capacitor

Project 23

Demonstration of this OR that logic (OR Gate Logic) using inputs as Push Button Switches and output as Buzzer.This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, Red LED (Power Indicator), 2- push button switches (S1), Buzzer L4, Resistors, Capacitors, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram is shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of OR Gate Logic

Project 24

Demonstration of this OR that logic (OR Gate Logic) using inputs as Push Button Switches and output as DC Motor.This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, Red LED (Power Indicator), 2- push button switches (S1), DC Motor LU4, Resistors, Capacitors, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of OR Gate Logic

Project 25

Demonstration of this OR that logic (OR Gate Logic) using inputs as Push Button Switches and output as LED (Light Emitting Diode).This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, Red LED (Power Indicator), 2- push button switches (S1), LED White, Breadboard, Resistors, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram is shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of OR Gate Logic

Project 26

Demonstration of this AND that logic (AND Gate Logic) using inputs as Push Button Switches and output as Buzzer.This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, Red LED (Power Indicator), 2- push button switches (S1), Buzzer L4, Resistors, Capacitors, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram is shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of AND Gate Logic

Project 27

Demonstration of this AND that logic (AND Gate Logic) using inputs as Push Button Switches and output as DC Motor.This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, Red LED (Power Indicator), 2- push button switches (S1), DC Motor LU4, Diode- 1N4148, Breadboard, Resistors, Capacitors, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram is shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of AND Gate Logic

Project 28

Demonstration of this AND that logic (AND Gate Logic) using inputs as Push Button Switches and output as LED (Light Emitting Diode).This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, Red LED (Power Indicator), 2- push button switches (S1), LED White, Breadboard, Resistors, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram is shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of AND Gate Logic

Project 29

Demonstration of Dual LED Function. This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, Dual LED, red LED (Power Indicator), 2- push button switches (S1), Breadboard, Resistor, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram is shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of Dual LED Function

Project 30

Demonstration of RGB LED Function. RGB(Red-Green-Blue) LEDs are actually three LEDs in one package, but that does not mean it can only produce three colours. Because red, green, and blue colours are the additive primary colours, you can control the intensity of each to create every colour of the rainbow (VIBGYOR). RGB LED has 4 pins: one for each colour, and a common pin.This circuit can be built with PSU (Power Supply Unit) of 5V, RGB LED, red LED (power indicator), 3- push button switches (S1), Breadboard, Resistor, Jumper wires and Connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram is shown in the below diagram.

Demonstration of RGB LED Function

Thus, above are some of the Electronic Learning Kits to get you on track in the making and development of your school level projects. While you may decide to use any of these projects, we preferably used mini breadboards to guide you in developing your own projects. We have kept them extensive so that any school student can work out the details. Keep in mind that these mini breadboard projects should be continued throughout the school year and contain strong aims and deliverable.

Automatic Bell System for Institutions

December 20, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal 2 Comments

Automatic Bell System for Institutions

We are living in the automation world, where everything in industrial and home automation is getting automated with the help of an advanced programmable controller. An automatic bell system for schools or institutions reduces the effort necessary to control an electric bell manually that gives alarm for certain intervals of time based on school or college timings. The proposed system uses a simple basic microcontroller to make the product affordable. Generally conservative methods need a peon or bell operator to control the bell system for every class and intermission in schools and also institutions. Such systems require plenty human efforts to do so, and need progress in order to become automatic – the ones that reduce human efforts.

The proposed system is very important in schools, homes and also industries. But, operation of this automatic instrument must have to be executed with an accurate time controller in an inexpensive way.

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EFX Electronic Learning Kit-15 Projects-in-1

December 15, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

15 projecs in 1

The young mind is the sharpest mind. It learns quick and acts quicker. Nowadays, the education system focuses on books and rote-learning, but times are changing as these young geniuses, who chose to take a different path, have proved. To those of us who teach and love our subjects, it seems unintelligible that students are not loving about them.Practical learning experiences when students are actively busy in query work, where they are reading, questioning, talking, analyzing & making small projects many groups independently. The main purpose of project work is to provide a structure through which students can show mastery of a subject by making, creating an Electronic Learning Kit project that is driven by their personal interest in a topic While the projects can appraise the students’ knowledge to which students have understood them, they also let students imagine intensely and logically.

EFX Electronic Learning Kit – 15 Projects-in-1

Generally, success in Electronic Learning Kits plays an important role in the career of school students. Many students quit this branch because they fail on their first try of their projects. After a few failures, a student has a myth that Electronic Learning Kits working currently might not work correctly tomorrow. So, we recommend beginners start with this 15 Projects-in-1 on a breadboard which will work or not in your first effort.You can buy any of the below-listed projects from us for your school science fair demonstration.

Project-1

The main objective of this project is to determine the open and closed circuit concept.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) and PI red LED (power indicator).The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Open and Closed Circuit

Project-2

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate how electricity is used to generate sound using the push button and a buzzer.This circuit can be built with (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), S1(push button switch) and L4 buzzer.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

How Electricity is Used

Project-3

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate how LED valves let the flow of electricity only in one direction.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), S1 (push button switch) and reversed LED LU3.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.Retain project 3 and replace LED LU3 in reverse direction

How LED Valves Let the Flow of Electricity

Project-4

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate how electricity is used to light up an LED.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), S1 (push button switch) and LED LU3.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

How Electricity is Used

Project-5

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate insulator and conductor of electricity.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), jumper J and LED LU3.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.Retain project 3 and replace the push button switch S1 with a jumper J.

Insulator and Conductor of Electricity

Project-6

Insulator and Conductor of Electricity

Project-7

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate the function of a resistor in series with a buzzer.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), 330R resistor, buzzer L4.

The Function of a Resistor

Project-8

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate how a series resistor is used to guard an LED. This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), 330R resistor, LED LU3.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below. Retain project 7 and replace the Buzzer L4 with a red LED LU3.

How a Series Resistor is Used

Project-9

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate how electrical circuits can be built to turn on various loads at a time without disturbing the other load’s performance. This circuit can be built with (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), LED white LU3, Buzzer L4.

How Electrical Circuits Can be Built

Project-10

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate the use of transistors using the push button switch for input and buzzer for output.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), Buzzer L4, push button switch (S1), transistor BC 547 QU1 block.

The use of Transistors

Project-11

The main objective of this project is to demonstrate how transistor as a switch can control the output of an LED This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit), PI red LED (power indicator), LED LU3, push button switch (S1), transistor BC 547 QU1 block.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below. Retain project 10 and replace the Buzzer L4 with a red LED LU3.

How Transistor as a Switch

Project-12

Demonstration of Push Button Switch in reverse function with Buzzer for output.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) of 5V, red LED (power indicator), push button switch, Breadboard, Transistor BC547, Buzzer L4, jumper wires and connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Push Button Switch in Reverse Function

Project-13

Demonstration of Push Button Switch in reverse function with LED for output.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) of 5V, red LED (power indicator), push button switch, Breadboard, Transistor BC547, LED LU3, jumper wires, and connecting wires. The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.Retain project 12 and replace the Buzzer L4 with a red LED LU3.

Push Button Switch in Reverse Function

Project-14

To demonstrate, “The human body is a good conductor of electricity” using human touch as input and the buzzer output.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) and red LED (power indicator), Breadboard, 2- Transistor BC547, Buzzer, connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below.

Human Body is a Good Conductor of Electricity

Project-15

Amplification of the current via Darlington transistor.This circuit can be built with PSU (power supply unit) and P1 red LED (power indicator), Breadboard, 2-Transistor BC547, Buzzer L4, and connecting wires.The below figure gives the circuit diagram and connects the circuit as per the diagram is shown in below. Retain project 14 and replace the Buzzer L4 with a red LED LU3.

Amplification of the Current via Darlington Transistor

FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission) by TSR

December 12, 2017 by Tarun Agarwal Leave a Comment

Physical diagram

The term FACTS stands for Flexible AC Transmission System have been developing to an established technology with the high-power rating. This has ample spread application, became a peak rate, most consistent one, based on power electronics. The main reason of these systems is to provide the network as fast as possible with inductive (or) capacitive reactive power that is modified to its specific requirements, while also improving the quality of transmission and the power transmission system efficiency. With the succession and growth in power electronics application not only enhanced the performance of AC systems but also make it possible for long distance. Facts (Flexible AC Transmission) can also assist solve technical problems in the consistent power systems. These are available in two connections like series connection and parallel connection.

Flexible AC Transmission by TSR

The proposed system is intended to implement flexible AC transmission by thyristor switch reactance. This is used either when there is very low load at the receiving end, due to this the flow of current through the transmission line is very low. This causes voltage amplification.

Block Diagram of FACTS using TSR

Hardware Components

Microcontroller (AT89S52/AT89C51)
SCR
Opto-Isolator
LCD
LM339
Current Transformer
Inductive load
Shunt capacitor
Push buttons
LED
1N4007 / 1N4148
Resistor
Capacitor

Software Requirements

Keil Compiler
Languages: Embedded C or Assembly

FACTS

The term FACTS stands for flexible AC transmission system is a new integrated concept. Based on the concept of power electronic switching converters and dynamic controllers to enhance the system utilization, power transfer capacity, stability, reliability, security and power quality of AC system interconnections.

Applications of FACTS

The applications of FACTS include the following

Steady state voltage stability
Power flow control
Damping of power system oscillations
Reducing generation costs
HVDC link application
Deregulated power systems
Flicker mitigation
Interconnection of renewable, distributed generation, and storages.

TSR/SCR

The thyristor is a 3-terminal device having Gate terminal, Anode and Cathode. Here, anode terminal is positive and the cathode is negative and the gate terminal is used to control the input signal.That means the flow of current through the thyristor is controlled by an electrical signal applied to the gate terminal.
The anode and cathode terminals of the thyristors are the power terminals; these can handle the large voltage and conduct the major current through the thyristor.

TSR

SCR

A Silicon Controlled Rectifier (or Semiconductor Controlled Rectifier) is a four-layer solid state device that controls current flow
An SCR can be seen as a conventional rectifier controlled by a gate signal
It is a 4-layered 3-terminal device
When the gate to cathode voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the device turns ‘on’ and conducts current
The operation of an SCR can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly coupled Bipolar Junction Transistors
SCR has three states

SCR

AT89S51/52 Microcontroller

It is a smaller computer
Has on-chip RAM, ROM, I/O ports…

AT89S51 Microcontroller

Features of AT89S51/52

Compatible with MCS®-51 Products
8K Bytes of In-System Programmable (ISP) Flash Memory
Endurance: 10,000 Write/Erase Cycles
4.0V to 5.5V Operating Range
Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz
256 x 8-bit Internal RAM
32 Programmable I/O Lines
Three 16-bit Timer/Counters
Eight Interrupt Sources
Full Duplex UART Serial Channel
Interrupt Recovery from Power-down Mode
Watchdog Timer
Dual Data Pointer
Reverse blocking mode, forward blocking mode, and forward conducting mode

Opto –Isolator

Optp-Isolator

Quad Voltage Comparator LM339

The quad voltage comparator is designed for use in level detection like low-level detection and memory applications in consumer automotive and industrial electronic applications.

Quad Voltage Comparator LM339

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Most common LCDs connected to the microcontrollers are 16×2 and 20×2 displays.
This means 16 characters per line by 2 lines and 20 characters per line by 2 lines, respectively.
The standard is referred to as HD44780U, which refers to the controller chip which receives data from an external source (and communicates directly with the LCD).

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)

Project Description

The main objective of this proposed system is to implement FACTS by Thyristor Switch Reactance. This system is mainly used either when there is very low load at the receiving end or when charging the transmission line.

Due to very less flow of current through the transmission line and also shunt capacitance in the transmission line turns into main. This causes voltage amplification due to which getting end voltage may turn into double than the sending ends voltage. To balance this, shunt inductors are routinely connected across the transmission line.

Cyclo Converter using Thyristors

In this project, the lead time between the zero voltage pulse and zero current pulse duly produced by apt Op-Amp (operational amplifier) are fed to 2- interrupt pins of the microcontroller, where the microcontroller program takes over to carry the shunt reactors to the circuit to get the voltage duly compensated. Back to back SCRs duly connected through optical isolation from the 8051 family microcontroller are used in series for switching the reactor.

From the above information, finally, we can conclude that the Flexible AC Transmission by TSR (FACTS) is a new technology used to give an opportunity to increase stability, controllability and power transfer ability of AC transmission systems. Further the project can be developed by using firing angle control method for smooth control of the voltage. Therefore, this is superior to switching reactors in steps where voltage control is not very precise.

We hope that you have got a better understanding of this concept. Furthermore, any queries regarding this concept or to implement electrical projects please give your feedback by commenting on the comment section below. What are FACTS (Flexible AC Transmission)?